• Engineering geological mapping and map-based planning emerged as a foundational practice guiding civil engineering, urban planning, and environmental assessment, with formal guidelines and mapping standards across the period [1], [5], [6], [7], [12], [8].

• Research on in situ stress, rock mechanics, and seismicity in mining contexts shows how hydraulic fracturing, induced stresses, tremor patterns, and tilt measurements illuminate rock behavior under mining loads [3], [4], [13], [15], [9].

• Geophysical methods for subsurface characterization and borehole siting—EMT/VES, ground conductivity, and geophysical surveying of old mine workings—provided rapid, noninvasive tools for site selection and hazard assessment [17], [18], [11], [10].

• Standardization and documentation of rock description, core logging, and engineering observations under geotechnical practice structured data used in design and mapping, reflecting collaboration between geologists and engineers [12], [2], [5], [16], [1].